穹窿体最保守的，可能不是功能，而是能不能拼起来。壳的亚基界面一旦定型就很难改动（改了就不成壳），而壳里的用途却可以被一再征用：今天装这个配体，明天被某个病毒借去装它的东西。这就是演化生物学里的外招（exaptation）——结构先存在，功能后借用。

一瓶浅黄色的染料溶液，撒进一把塑料粉，10天后几乎褪成了清水。 这种塑料是聚苯乙烯，一次性餐具里很常见，向来被看作是化学“惰性”材料。可一项发表于《自然》（Nature）的研究发现，它不需要光照，也不需要加热，只是泡在水里，表面就会生成活性极强的羟基自由基。实验里，蛋白质在颗粒表面结成了团，红细胞碰到颗粒后碎成了碎片。研究者自己也说，这个结果出乎意料。现在我们最关心的是，同样的事会不会发生在人体内 ...

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